Motivational interviewing recognizes that change has stages; from pre-contemplation to contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Clients do not always enter therapy in the action stage and may vacillate between stages. This can be especially true with substance use and eating disorders, as well as with adolescents, especially when parents primarily spearhead therapy. Motivational interviewing is an approach that meets the client where they are and reflects their own experience to move towards change ultimately. Research support for this approach is strong for substance use in particular (e.g., https://www.div12.org/treatment/motivational-interviewing-motivational-enhancement-therapy-met-plus-cbt-for-mixed-substance-abuse-dependence/). Dr. Klein’s expertise in this approach includes experience as a treatment trial clinician for smoking cessation.